Review

Quantitative analysis of drugs in biological matrices by HPLC hyphenated to fluorescence detection

*Author for correspondence:

E-mail Address: emmanuelle.lipka@univ-lille2.fr

Unité Inserm U995, Université de Lille, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Faculté de Pharmacie de Lille, 59006 Lille Cedex, France

Search for more papers by this author

Claude Vaccher

EA GRITA, Université de Lille, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Faculté de Pharmacie de Lille, 59006 Lille Cedex, France

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:14 Apr 2015https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.15.20

View article

Abstract

An overview of the state-of-the art in HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection is presented. Over the last 20 years, the increasing number of methodological papers on this topic (4082 between 1994 and 2004 and 7725 between 2004 and 2014) is testament to its utility in bioanalytical applications. Compared with conventional UV absorbance detection used in HPLC, fluorescence detection can greatly enhance the sensitivity leading to limits of detection similar to those obtained with mass spectrometry, offering researchers a sensitive, robust and relatively inexpensive instrumental method. This work will focus on the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in different biological matrices, either naturally fluorescent or derivatized with a fluorescent agent, and some of them chiral. Therapeutic applications, sample preparation and derivatization, sensitivity for each example are described.

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

1 Jambor A, Molnar-Perl I. Amino acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride. Literature overview and further study. J. Chromatogr. A 1216(15), 3064–3077 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
2 Danielson ND, Gallagher P, Bao JJ. Chemical reagents and derivatization procedures in drug analysis. In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, Meyer R, (Ed). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 7042–7076 (2000).• Describes both pre- and postcolumn derivatization chemistry used in conjunction with either gaz and high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis to facilitate the determination of drugs.Google Scholar
3 McChesney-Harris LL, Kakodakar SV, Bernstein SC, Stobaugh JF. Mechanism based design of amine fluorogenic derivatization reagents: proof of concept, physical–chemical characterization and initial analytical derivatization protocols. Chromatographia 76(3–4), 117–132 (2012).• Comprehensive review developing derivatization protocol using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.Crossref, Google Scholar
4 Srinivas NR. Evaluation of experimental strategies for the development of chiral chromatographic methods based on diastereomer formation. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18(4), 207–233 (2004).•• Provides a general framework for the exploratory planning and a definitive game plan for the establishment of chiral separation based on diastereomer formation and an exhaustive list of application of numerous chiral derivatization agents.Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
5 Ilisz I, Berkecz R, Peter A. Application of chiral derivatizing agents in the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of amino acid enantiomers: a review. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47(1), 1–15 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
6 Bhushan R. Enantiomeric purity of chiral derivatizing reagents for enantioresolution. Bioanalysis 3(18), 2057–2060 (2011).Link, CAS, Google Scholar
7 Saracino MA, Mercolini L, Carbini G et al. Multi-matrix assay of the first melatonergic antidepressant agomelatine by combined liquid chromatography-fluorimetric detection and microextraction by packed sorbent. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 95, 61–67 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
8 Kudris IV, Skakun NN, Orlova IN, Libina VV, Kulikov AU. Analysis of amisulpride in human plasma by SPE and LC with fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 73(1–2), 67–74 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
9 Rodriguez J, Castaneda G, Munoz L. Rapid determination of letrozole, citalopram and their metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection in urine: method validation and application to real samples. J. Chromatogr. B 913–914, 12–18 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
10 Munoz JL, Ceinos RM, Soengas JL, Miguez JM. A simple and sensitive method for determination of melatonin in plasma, bile and intestinal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 877(22), 2173–2177 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
11 Nobilis M, Vybiralova Z, Szotakova B, Sladkova K, Kunes M, Svoboda Z. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tiapride and its phase I, metabolite in blood plasma using tandem UV photodiode-array and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 879(32), 3845–3852 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
12 Sa M, Ying L, Tang AG, Xiao LD, Ren YP. Simultaneous determination of tyrosine, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine in serum of MDD patients by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Clin. Chim. Acta 413(11–12), 973–977 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
13 Suckow RF, Fein M, Correll CU, Cooper TB. Determination of plasma ziprasidone using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 799(2), 201–208 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
14 Tonon MA, Bonato PS. Methods for the analysis of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 4(3), 291–304 (2012).• Summerizes bioanalytical methods (LC-FLD) for both the chiral and the achiral analysis of zopiclone.Link, CAS, Google Scholar
15 Azevedo Marques L, Giera M, Lingeman H, Niessen WM. Analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: bioanalysis, degradation and metabolism. Biomed. Chromatogr. 25(1–2), 278–299 (2011).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
16 Nakashima K, Itoh K, Kono M, Nakashima MN, Wada M. Determination of donepezil hydrochloride in human and rat plasma, blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with a short C30 column. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41(1), 201–206 (2006).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
17 Malakova J, Nobilis M, Svoboda Z et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV photodiode-array, fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection for simultaneous determination of galantamine and its phase I, metabolites in biological samples. J. Chromatogr. B 853(1–2), 265–274 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
18 Kassem MG, Ezzeldin E, Korashy HM, Mostafa GA. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dasatinib in rabbit plasma using fluorescence detection and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J. Chromatogr. B 939, 73–79 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
19 Zander SA, Beijnen JH, Van Tellingen O. Sensitive method for plasma and tumor Ko143 quantification using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 913–914, 129–136 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
20 Gonzalez-Ruiz V, Mussardo P, Corda E, Girotti S, Olives AI, Martin MA. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the anticancer alkaloid luotonin A, and some new derivatives in human serum samples. J. Sep. Sci. 33(14), 2086–2093 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
21 Uchiyama M, Matsumoto T, Matsumoto T et al. Simple and sensitive HPLC method for the fluorometric determination of methotrexate and its major metabolites in human plasma by post-column photochemical reaction. Biomed. Chromatogr. 26(1), 76–80 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
22 Zheng J, Zhang R, Shao C et al. Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection for simultaneous determination of 10-methoxycamptothecin and its metabolite 10-hydroxycamptothecin in rat plasma. J. Chromatogr. B 903, 81–87 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
23 Koslinski P, Jarzemski P, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan R. Determination of pterins in urine by HPLC with UV and fluorescent detection using different types of chromatographic stationary phases (HILIC, RP C8, RP C18). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 91, 37–45 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
24 Zhu YB, Zhang Q, Zou JJ, Yu CX, Xiao DW. Optimizing high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for quantification of tamoxifen and two metabolites in human plasma: application to a clinical study. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 46(2), 349–355 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
25 Samanidou VF, Evaggelopoulou EN, Papadoyannis IN. Simultaneous determination of quinine and chloroquine antimalarial agents in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids by HPLC and fluorescence detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 38(1), 21–28 (2005).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
26 Romsing S, Lindegardh N, Bergqvist Y. Determination of tafenoquine in dried blood spots and plasma using LC and fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 3(16), 1847–1853 (2011).Link, Google Scholar
27 Yarbrough J, Greenacre C, Souza M, Cox S. LC determination of tramadol, M1, M2, M4, and M5 in plasma. Chromatographia 71(5–6), 523–527 (2009).Crossref, Google Scholar
28 Ibrahim H, Boyer A, Bouajila J, Couderc F, Nepveu F. Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pharmaceuticals and human serum by dual-mode gradient HPLC and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 857(1), 59–66 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
29 Kaiser M, Grunspan LD, Costa TD, Tasso L. Reversed phase liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection of gemifloxacin in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetic study. J. Chromatogr. B 879(30), 3639–3644 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
30 Grünspan LD, Kaiser M, Hurtado FK, Costa TD, Tasso L. HPLC Determination of gemifloxacin in different tissues of rats Under normobaric and hyperbaric exposure. Chromatographia 75(5–6), 253–262 (2012).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
31 Sousa J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Pena A, Lino C, Falcao A. Development and validation of a fast isocratic liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin, lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in human plasma. Biomed. Chromatogr. 25(5), 535–541 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
32 Schneider MJ. Methods for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in biological fluids. Bioanalysis 1(2), 415–435 (2009).Link, CAS, Google Scholar
33 Canada-Canada F, Espinosa-Mansilla A, Munoz De La Pena A. Separation of fifteen quinolones by high performance liquid chromatography: application to pharmaceuticals and ofloxacin determination in urine. J. Sep. Sci. 30(9), 1242–1249 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
34 Heng SC, Nation RL, Levvey B, Snell GI, Slavin MA, Kong DC. Quantification of voriconazole in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 913–914, 171–175 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
35 Bae SK, Kim MJ, Shim EJ et al. HPLC determination of irbesartan in human plasma: its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed. Chromatogr. 23(6), 568–572 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
36 Rao RN, Bompelli S, Maurya PK. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of anti- hypertensive drugs on dried blood spots using a fluorescence detector - method development and validation. Biomed. chromatogr. 25, 1252–1259 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
37 Soltani S, Jouyban A. A validated micellar LC method for simultaneous determination of furosemide, metoprolol and verapamil in human plasma. Bioanalysis 4(1), 41–48 (2012).Link, CAS, Google Scholar
38 Xu T, Bao S, Geng P et al. Determination of metoprolol and its two metabolites in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and its application in pharmacokinetics. J. Chromatogr. B 937, 60–66 (2013).• Presents a LC-FLD method for metoprolol ten times more sensitive than the previous paper [37].Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
39 Suzuki K, Katayama M, Takamatsu K et al. Improvement of sensitivity and selectivity of high-performance liquid chromatography for anti-retroviral drugs (non-reverse transcriptase inhibitors) by diamond-electrode electrochemical and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1216(15), 3117–3121 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
40 Albu C, Litescu SC, Radu GL, Aboul-Enein HY. Validated HPLC-Fl method for the analysis of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine biomarkers in human blood. J. Fluoresc. 23(3), 381–386 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
41 Chen Q, Zeng Y, Kuang J et al. Quantification of aesculin in rabbit plasma and ocular tissues by high performance liquid chromatography using fluorescent detection: application to a pharmacokinetic study. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 55(1), 161–167 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
42 Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Cavallini A, Baccini C, Conti M, Raggi MA. Determination of amphetamines in human urine by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection using a solid-phase extraction procedure. J. Sep. Sci. 29(15), 2322–2329 (2006).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
43 Farthing CA, Farthing DE, Koka S et al. A simple and sensitive HPLC fluorescence method for determination of tadalafil in mouse plasma. J. Chromatogr. B 878(28), 2891–2895 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
44 Schmidt A, Brune K, Hinz B. Determination of the endocannabinoid anandamide in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed. Chromatogr. 20(4), 336–342 (2006).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
45 Rellan S, Osswald J, Vasconcelos V, Gago-Martinez A. Analysis of anatoxin-a in biological samples using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 1156(1–2), 134–140 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
46 Zhu HJ, Wang JS, Donovan JL, Devane CL, Gibson BB, Markowitz JS. Sensitive quantification of atomoxetine in human plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection using 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl) benzoyl chloride derivatization. J. Chromatogr. B 846(1–2), 351–354 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
47 Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Fujii Y. Sensitive determination of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine, a metabolite of haloperidol, in a rat biological sample by HPLC with fluorescence detection after pre-column derivatization using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. Biomed. Chromatogr. 20(9), 964–970 (2006).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
48 Higashi Y, Matsumura H, Fujii Y. Determination of fluvoxamine in rat plasma by HPLC with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. Biomed. Chromatogr. 19(10), 771–776 (2005).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
49 Hassan MG, Emara KM, Mohamed HA et al. Determination of memantine in rat plasma by HPLC-fluorescence method and its application to study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between memantine and methazolamide. Biomed. Chromatogr. 26(2), 214–219 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
50 Tomita M, Nakashima MN, Wada M, Nakashima K. Sensitive determination of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 21(10), 1016–1022 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
51 Zhu HJ, Wang JS, Patrick KS, Donovan JL, Devane CL, Markowitz JS. A novel HPLC fluorescence method for the quantification of methylphenidate in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. B 858(1–2), 91–95 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
52 Almudever P, Peris JE, Garrigues T, Diez O, Melero A, Alos M. Quantification of nortriptyline in plasma by HPLC and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 878(9–10), 841–844 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
53 Vermeij TA, Edelbroek PM. Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin, gabapentin and vigabatrin in human serum by precolumn derivatization with o-phtaldialdehyde and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 810(2), 297–303 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
54 Shraim N, Clinckers R, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Van Eeckhaut A. Determination of reboxetine in rat brain microdialysates and plasma samples using liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 898, 53–61 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
55 Khalil NY. A highly sensitive HPLC method with automated on-line sample pre-treatment and fluorescence detection for determination of reboxetine in human plasma. Talanta 80(3), 1251–1256 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
56 Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Yoshitake S, Fujino K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Determination of serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and their metabolites in rat brain extracts and microdialysis samples by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following derivatization with benzylamine and 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine. J. Chromatogr. B 807(2), 177–183 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
57 Bahrami G, Mohammadi B, Farshchi A, Ghiasi G. Quantitative analysis of sertraline in human serum by LC with fluorescence detection after pre-column derivatization with 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. Chromatographia 70(1–2), 323–327 (2009).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
58 Hobl EL, Jilma B, Ebner J, Schmid RW. Simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid in human plasma by isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatography with post-column hydrolysis and fluorescence detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 27(6), 695–698 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
59 Wilms E, Trumpie H, Veenendaal W, Touw D. Quantitative determination of azithromycin in plasma, blood and isolated neutrophils by liquid chromatography using pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-chloride and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 814(1), 37–42 (2005).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
60 Zotou A, Vasiliadou C. A fluorescence-LC method for the determination of sulfonamides in biological fluids with pre-column derivatization. Chromatographia 70(3–4), 389–397 (2009).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
61 Kishikawa N, Hammad SF, Ohyama K et al. HPLC determination of chlorpropamide in human serum by fluorogenic derivatization based on the Suzuki coupling reaction with phenylboronic acid. Chromatographia 76(11–12), 703–706 (2013).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
62 Hurtado-Sanchez Mdel C, Espinosa-Mansilla A, Rodriguez-Caceres MI, Martin-Tornero E, Duran-Meras I. Development of a method for the determination of advanced glycation end products precursors by liquid chromatography and its application in human urine samples. J. Sep. Sci. 35(19), 2575–2584 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
63 Guo X-F, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang H-S. Determination of fatty acids in saliva of smokers and nonsmokers by HPLC with fluorescence detection using a hydrazine-based difluoro-boraindacene reagent. Chromatographia 77(5–6), 431–438 (2014).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
64 Huang K-J, Han C-H, Li J, Wu Z-W, Liu Y-M, Wu Y-Y. LC determination of thiols derivatized with 4-(Aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole after SPE. Chromatographia 74(1–2), 145–150 (2011).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
65 Guihen E, Ho WL, Hogan AM et al. Rapid quantification of histamine in human psoriatic plaques using microdialysis and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 880(1), 119–124 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
66 Hogan AM, Crean C, Barrett UM, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Histamine determination in human urine using sub-2 mum C18 column with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection. J. Sep. Sci. 35(9), 1087–1093 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
67 Shu-Yu Z, Qing S, Li L, Xiao-Hui F. A simple and accurate method to determine nitrite and nitrate in serum based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 27(11), 1547–1553 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
68 Ibrahim H, Caudron E, Kasselouri A, Prognon P. Interest of fluorescence derivatization and fluorescence probe assisted post-column detection of phospholipids: a short review. Molecules 15(1), 352–373 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
69 Nohara Y, Suzuki J, Kubo H. Determination of ubiquinone in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization using 2-cyanoacetamide. J. Fluoresc 21(6), 2093–2100 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
70 Meesters RJ. Bioanalytical LC separation techniques for quantitative analysis of free amino acids in human plasma. Bioanalysis 5(4), 495–512 (2013).Link, CAS, Google Scholar
71 Cserhati T. Chromatography of amino acids and short peptides. New advances. Biomed. Chromatogr. 21(8), 780–796 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
72 Wang H, Mcneil YR, Yeo TW, Anstey NM. Simultaneous determination of multiple amino acids in plasma in critical illness by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 940, 53–58 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
73 Farthing D, Larus T, Fakhry I, Gehr T, Prats J, Sica D. Liquid chromatography method for determination of bivalirudin in human plasma and urine using automated ortho-phthalaldehyde derivatization and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 802(2), 355–359 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
74 Zhang L, Li Y, Zhou H, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Determination of eight amino acids in mice embryonic stem cells by pre-column derivatization HPLC with fluorescence detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 66, 356–358 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
75 Arai K, Fukushima T, Tomiya M, Mitsuhashi S, Sasaki T, Toyo'oka T. Simultaneous determination of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate in rat brain homogenate using high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. J. Chromatogr. B 875(2), 358–362 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
76 Sun Z, You J, Li G, Zhao X, Suo Y, Wang X. Determination of amino acids in rat brain microdialysate with 1,2,5,6-dibenzocarbazole-9-ethyl chloroformate as labeling reagent by high performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence detection and mass spectrometric identification. J. Chromatogr. B 879(17–18), 1367–1374 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
77 Yang Q, Zhang XL, Ma M et al. New high-performance liquid chromatographic method for sensitive determination of pheomelanin in biological materials by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. J. Chromatogr. A 1146(1), 23–31 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
78 Isokawa M, Kanamori T, Funatsu T, Tsunoda M. Analytical methods involving separation techniques for determination of low-molecular-weight biothiols in human plasma and blood. J. Chromatogr. B 964, 103–115 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
79 Ponnayyan Sulochana S, Sharma K, Mullangi R, Sukumaran SK. Review of the validated HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of drugs used in clinical practice for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed. Chromatogr. 28(11), 1431–1490 (2014).•• Comprehensive review gathering HPLC-FLD method for analysis of either derivatized or native donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, tacrine and memantine through various biological matrix.Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
80 Lanchote VL, Takayanagui OM, Mateus FH. Enantioselective renal excretion of albendazole metabolites in patients with neurocysticercosis. Chirality 16(8), 520–525 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
81 Salgado L, Encina G, Farran R, Puig S, Martinez L. Enantioselective HPLC determination of E-6087, a new COX-2 inhibitor, in human plasma: Validation and pharmacokinetic application. Chirality 16(5), 302–308 (2004).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
82 Pyrgaki C, Bannister SJ, Gera L, Gerber JG, Gal J. Stereoselective determination of the epimer mixtures of itraconazole in human blood plasma using HPLC and fluorescence detection. Chirality 23(7), 495–503 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
83 Garcia Sanchez F, Navas Diaz A, Aguilar A, Medina Lama I, Algarra M. HPLC enantioseparation of alkaloid malacitanine using fluorimetric/polarimetric detection. J. Sep. Sci. 35(15), 1863–1868 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
84 Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Lanchote VL. Influence of quinidine, cimetidine, and ketoconazole on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics and metabolism of metoprolol in rats. Chirality 21(10), 886–893 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
85 Alanazi AM, Hefnawy MM, Al-Majed AA et al. HPLC-fluorescence method for the enantioselective analysis of propranolol in rat serum using immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase. Chirality 26(4), 194–199 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
86 Nobilis M, Vybiralova Z, Krizova V et al. Sensitive chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of anthelmintic flubendazole and its phase I, metabolites in blood plasma using UV photodiode-array and fluorescence detection application to pharmacokinetic studies in sheep. J. Chromatogr. B 876(1), 89–96 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
87 Sanchez FG, Navas Diaz A, Sanchez Torreno E, Aguilar A, Medina Lama I, Algarra M. Determination of enantiomeric excess by chiral liquid chromatography without enantiomerically pure starting standards. Biomed. Chromatogr. 26(10), 1241–1246 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
88 Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcao A. Chiral chromatographic resolution of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: a challenge from the optimization to the application. Biomed. Chromatogr. 28(1), 27–58 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
89 Su D, Bi K, Zhou C et al. Enantioselective Separation and determination of carnosine in rat plasma by fluorescence LC for stereoselective pharmacokinetic studies. Chromatographia 71(7–8), 603–608 (2010).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
90 Inagaki S, Taniguchi S, Hirashima H et al. HPLC enantioseparation of alpha, alpha-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol and methylphenidate using a chiral fluorescent derivatization reagent and its application to the analysis of rat plasma. J. Sep. Sci. 33(20), 3137–3143 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
91 Unceta N, Barrondo S, Ruiz De Azua I et al. Determination of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and their enantiomers in rat plasma and brain samples by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 852(1–2), 519–528 (2007).•• Very interesting article comparing the detection of native fluoxetine and derivatized fluoxetine enantiomers.Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
92 Lipka E, Charton J, Vaccher C. Development of HPLC/fluorescence detection method for chiral resolution of dansylated benzimidazoles derivatives. Biomed. Chromatogr. 28(1), 4–9 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
93 Cevasco G, Piatek AM, Thea S. HPLC determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid by derivatization with a benzofurazan reagent and fluorescent detection: application in the analysis of human plasma. Clin. Chim. Acta 429, 90–95 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
94 Nageswara Rao R, Sravan B, Ramakrishna K, Saida S, Padiya R. Precolumn o-Phthalaldehyde-N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivatization followed by RP-HPLC separation and fluorescence detection of sitagliptin enantiomers in rat plasma. Chirality 25, 883–889 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
95 Jin D, Zhang M, Jin S et al. Enantioselective resolution of thyroxine hormone by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing a highly fluorescent chiral tagging reagent. Chirality 19(8), 625–631 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
96 Yu M, Hassan HE, Ibrahim A, Bauer KS, Kelly DL, Wang JB. Simultaneous determination of L-tetrahydropalmatine and cocaine in human plasma by simple UPLC-FLD method:application to clinical studies. J. Chromatogr. B 965, 39–44 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
97 Orozco-Solano MI, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro Ana MD. Ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis and chemical derivatization combined to lab-on-valve solid-phase extraction for the determination of sialic acids in human biofluids by-liquid chromatography-laser induced fluorescence. Anal. Clin. Acta 766, 69–76 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
98 Todoroki K, Yoshida H, Hayama T, Itoyama M, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Highly selective derivatization-LC method for biomolecules based on fluorescence interactions and fluorous separations. J. Chromatogr. B 879, 1325–1337 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
99 FL Instrumentation for Fluorescence Spectroscopy. In: Principles of Spectroscopy. Lakowicz JR (Ed.). Springer Edition, NY, USA (2006).Crossref, Google Scholar

Vol. 7, No. 6

Supplemental Materials

Metrics

Downloaded 368 times

History

Published online 14 April 2015

Published in print April 2015

Information

Supplementary data

To view the supplementary data that accompany this paper please visit the journal website at: www.future-science.com/doi/full/10.4155/BIO.15.20

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank M Howsam for carefully proofreading this manuscript and C Furman for his helpful explanation of the use of the EndNote software.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

PDF download