Review

Enhancing nucleic acid delivery by photochemical internalization

* Author for correspondence

Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway.

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Email the corresponding author at sigurdbo@rr-research.no

Eivind Hovig

Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway

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Published Online:11 Sep 2013https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.13.78

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Abstract

Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a method for releasing macromolecules from endosomal and lysosomal compartments. The PCI approach uses a photosensitizer that localizes to endosomal and lysosomal compartments, and a light source with appropriate light spectra for excitation of the photosensitizer. Upon photosensitizer excitation, endosomal and lysosomal membranes are destroyed, due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, followed by release of the endocytosed material. PCI has been demonstrated to enhance and control (site- and time-specific) delivery of various macromolecules such as viruses, proteins, chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid, and so on. In this Review we present past and current studies of PCI-controlled delivery of natural and artificial nucleic acids, such as peptide nucleic acids, siRNA molecules, mRNA molecules and plasmids. We also discuss critical aspects to further the possibilities for successful gene targeting in space and time.

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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Vol. 4, No. 9

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Published online 11 September 2013

Published in print September 2013

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank B Engesæter and L Prasmickaite for contributing with the illustrations in the manuscript.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have received funding from the Norwegian Cancer Society. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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