Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest

References

• 1. Bang I. Der Blutzucker (4th Edition). J.F. Bergmann, Wiesbaden, Germany (1913).
  Google Scholar
• 2. Guthrie R, Susi A. A simple phenylalanine method for detecting phenylketonuria in large populations of newborn infants. Pediatrics 32, 338–343 (1963).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3. Arnold GL. Inborn errors of metabolism in the 21(st) century: past to present. Ann. Transl. Med. 6(24), 467 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4. Costa HT, Leopoldino RWD, da Costa TX, Oliveira AG, Martins RR. Drug–drug interactions in neonatal intensive care: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr. Neonatol. 62(2), 151–157 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5. Gragnaniello V, Gueraldi D, Rubert L et al. Report of five years of experience in neonatal screening for mucopolysaccharidosis type I and review of the literature. Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 6(4), 85 (2020). https://www.mdpi.com/2409-515X/6/4/85
  Google Scholar
• 6. Krishna S, Nemerofsky SL, Iyare A, Ramdhanie MA, Nassar M, Nafday S. Early extended neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a quality improvement initiative. Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf. 46(9), 516–523 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7. Luo X, Sun Y, Xu F et al. A pilot study of expanded newborn screening for 573 genes related to severe inherited disorders in China: results from 1,127 newborns. Ann. Transl. Med. 8(17), 1058 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8. Malikova J, Zingg T, Fingerhut R et al. HIV drug efavirenz inhibits CYP21A2 activity with possible clinical implications. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 91(4), 262–270 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 9. Shepherd M, Knight BA, Laskey K, McDonald TJ. Parental experiences of a diagnosis of neonatal diabetes and perceptions of newborn screening for glucose: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 10(11), e037312 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10. Ombrone D, Giocaliere E, Forni G, Malvagia S, la Marca G. Expanded newborn screening by mass spectrometry: new tests, future perspectives. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 35(1), 71–84 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11. Pablo A, Breaud AR, Clarke W. Automated analysis of dried urine spot (DUS) samples for toxicology screening. Clin. Biochem. 75, 70–77 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 12. Sadones N, Capiau S, De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Spot them in the spot: analysis of abused substances using dried blood spots. Bioanalysis 6(17), 2211–2227 (2014).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 13. Alfazil AA, Anderson RA. Stability of benzodiazepines and cocaine in blood spots stored on filter paper. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(7), 511–515 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14. Garcia Boy R, Henseler J, Mattern R, Skopp G. Determination of morphine and 6-acetylmorphine in blood with use of dried blood spots. Ther. Drug Monit. 30(6), 733–739 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 15. Stove CP, Ingels ASME, De Kesel PMM, Lambert WE. Dried blood spots in toxicology: from the cradle to the grave? Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 42(3), 230–243 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16. Lizot LLF, da Silva ACC, Bastiani MF et al. Simultaneous determination of cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and norcocaine in dried blood spots by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci. Int. 298, 408–416 (2019).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 17. Ambach L, Stove C. Determination of cocaine and metabolites in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS. Methods Mol. Biol. 1872, 261–272 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18. Kanďár R, Drábková P, Andrlová L, Kostelník A, Čegan A. Determination of selected fatty acids in dried sweat spot using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J. Sep. Sci. 39(22), 4377–4383 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19. Tominaga M, Michiue T, Ishikawa T, Inamori-Kawamoto O, Oritani S, Maeda H. Evaluation of postmortem drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid compared with blood and pericardial fluid. Forensic Sci. Int. 254, 118–125 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20. Jacques ALB, Santos MK dos, Limberger RP. Development and validation of a method using dried oral fluid spot to determine drugs of abuse. J. Forensic Sci. 64(6), 1906–1912 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21. Tappin D, Girdwood RA, Follett EC, Kennedy R, Brown A, Cockburn F. Transportation of dried serum spots for HIV antibody testing. Lancet 341(8836), 48–49 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22. Rago B, Liu J, Tan B, Holliman C. Application of the dried spot sampling technique for rat cerebrospinal fluid sample collection and analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 55(5), 1201–1207 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23. Henderson LO, Powell MK, Hannon WH et al. Radioimmunoassay screening of dried blood spot materials for benzoylecgonine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17(1), 42–47 (1993). • Henderson et al. published the first work analyzing drugs of abuse in dried matrix spot (DMS).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 24. Moretti M, Freni F, Tomaciello I et al. Determination of benzodiazepines in blood and in dried blood spots collected from post-mortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a three-month period. Drug Test. Anal. 11(9), 1403–1411 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25. Yuan Y, Xu Y, Lu J. Dried blood spots in doping analysis. Bioanalysis 13(7), 587–604 (2021).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 26. Gaugler S, Al-Mazroua MK, Issa SY et al. Fully automated forensic routine dried blood spot screening for workplace testing. J. Anal. Toxicol. 43(3), 212–220 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27. Houck MM, Siegel JA. Illicit drugs. In: Fundamentals of Forensic Science. Kidlington, Oxford, UK, 315–352 (2015).
  Google Scholar
• 28. Jantos R, Skopp G. Comparison of drug analysis in whole blood and dried blood spots. Toxichem. Krimtech. 78, 268–275 (2011). https://www.gtfch.org/cms/images/stories/media/tb/tb2011/jantos.pdf
  Google Scholar
• 29. Abdel-rehim M, Pedersen-bjergaard S, Abdel-rehim A, Lucena R. Microextraction approaches for bioanalytical applications: an overview. J. Chromatogr. A 1616, 460790 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30. Antelo-Domínguez Á, Cocho JÁ, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Simultaneous determination of cocaine and opiates in dried blood spots by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 117, 235–241 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31. Otero-Fernández M, Cocho JÁ, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Direct tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous assay of opioids, cocaine and metabolites in dried urine spots. Anal. Chim. Acta. 784, 25–32 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32. Michely JA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Dried urine spots - a novel sampling technique for comprehensive LC-MSn drug screening. Anal. Chim. Acta. 982, 112–121 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33. Ambach L, Hernández Redondo A, König S, Weinmann W. Rapid and simple LC-MS/MS screening of 64 novel psychoactive substances using dried blood spots. Drug Test. Anal. 6(4), 367–375 (2014). • Ambach et al. achieved remarkable results analyzing 64 substances in a single run with their method.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34. Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: advantages and limitations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 130, 220–230 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35. Lee Y, Lai KKY, Sadrzadeh SMH. Simultaneous detection of 19 drugs of abuse on dried urine spot by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Biochem. 46(12), 1118–1124 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36. Thomas A, Geyer H, Schänzer W et al. Sensitive determination of prohibited drugs in dried blood spots (DBS) for doping controls by means of a benchtop quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(5), 1279–1289 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37. Wong K, Brady JE, Li G. Establishing legal limits for driving under the influence of marijuana. Inj. Epidemiol. 1(1), 1–8 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 38. Moretti M, Visonà SD, Freni F et al. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in blood and in dried blood spots collected from postmortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a 3-month period. Drug Test. Anal. 10(9), 1430–1437 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39. Odoardi S, Anzillotti L, Strano-Rossi S. Simplifying sample pretreatment: application of dried blood spot (DBS) method to blood samples, including postmortem, for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of drugs of abuse. Forensic Sci. Int. 243, 61–67 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40. Versace F, Déglon J, Lauer E, Mangin P, Staub C. Automated DBS extraction prior to Hilic/RP LC–MS/MS target screening of drugs. Chromatographia. 76(19), 1281–1293 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 41. Delahaye L, Dhont E, De Cock P, De Paepe P, Stove CP. Volumetric absorptive microsampling as an alternative sampling strategy for the determination of paracetamol in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 411(1), 181–191 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42. Chepyala D, Tsai I-L, Liao H-W, Chen G-Y, Chao H-C, Kuo C-H. Sensitive screening of abused drugs in dried blood samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion booster-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1491, 57–66 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43. Gorziza R, Cox J, Pereira Limberger R, Arroyo-Mora LE. Extraction of dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) for the identification of drugs of abuse using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forensic Chem. 19, 100254 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 44. Saussereau E, Lacroix C, Gaulier JM, Goulle JP. On-line liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry simultaneous determination of opiates, cocainics and amphetamines in dried blood spots. J. Chromatogr. B, Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 885–886, 1–7 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 45. Kacargil CU, Daglioglu N, Goren IE. Determination of illicit drugs in dried blood spots by LC–MS/MS method: validation and application to real samples. Chromatographia 83(7), 885–892 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 46. Wang Y, Shi Y, Yu Y et al. Screening of synthetic cathinones and metabolites in dried blood spots by UPLC–MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 45(7), 633–643 (2020).
  Google Scholar
• 47. da Cunha KF, Eberlin MN, Costa JL. Long-term stability of synthetic cathinones in dried blood spots and whole blood samples: a comparative study. Forensic Toxicol. 36(2), 424–434 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 48. da Cunha KF, Eberlin MN, Costa JL. Development and validation of a sensitive LC–MS/MS method to analyze NBOMes in dried blood spots: evaluation of long-term stability. Forensic Toxicol. 36(1), 113–121 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 49. Yan X, Yuan S, Yu Z et al. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for determining 5-MeO-DIPT in dried urine spots and application to forensic cases. J. Forensic Leg. Med. 72, 101963 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 50. Sadler Simões S, Castañera Ajenjo A, Dias MJ. Dried blood spots combined to an UPLC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse in forensic toxicology. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 147, 634–644 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 51. Jain R, Quraishi R, Verma A, Ambekar A. Development and clinical evaluation of a dried urine spot method for detection of morphine among opioid users. Indian J. Pharmacol. 51(1), 40–44 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52. Mercolini L, Mandrioli R, Gerra G, Raggi MA. Analysis of cocaine and two metabolites in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a novel test for cocaine and alcohol intake. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(46), 7242–7248 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 53. Ingels A-S, De Paepe P, Anseeuw K et al. Dried blood spot punches for confirmation of suspected γ-hydroxybutyric acid intoxications: validation of an optimized GC–MS procedure. Bioanalysis 3(20), 2271–2281 (2011).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 54. Mommers J, Mengerink Y, Ritzen E, Weusten J, van der Heijden J, van der Wal S. Quantitative analysis of morphine in dried blood spots by using morphine-d3 pre-impregnated dried blood spot cards. Anal. Chim. Acta. 774, 26–32 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55. Verplaetse R, Henion J. Quantitative determination of opioids in whole blood using fully automated dried blood spot desorption coupled to on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS. Drug Test. Anal. 8(1), 30–38 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56. Stoykova S, Kanev K, Pantcheva I, Atanasov V. Isolation and characterization of drugs of abuse in oral fluid by a novel preconcentration protocol. Anal. Lett. 49(17), 2822–2832 (2016).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 57. Thomas A, Déglon J, Steimer T, Mangin P, Daali Y, Staub C. On-line desorption of dried blood spots coupled to hydrophilic interaction/reversed-phase LC/MS/MS system for the simultaneous analysis of drugs and their polar metabolites. J. Sep. Sci. 33(6‐7), 873–879 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58. Jantos R, Veldstra JL, Mattern R, Brookhuis KA, Skopp G. Analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine: whole blood versus dried blood spots. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(5), 269–273 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59. Concheiro M, Simões SM dos SS, Quintela Ó et al. Fast LC–MS/MS method for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB and PMA in urine. Forensic Sci. Int. 171(1), 44–51 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 60. Saar-Reismaa P, Tretjakova A, Mazina-Šinkar J, Vaher M, Kaljurand M, Kulp M. Rapid and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of Ecstasy in an oral fluid. Talanta. 197, 390–396 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61. Kyriakou C, Marchei E, Scaravelli G, García-Algar O, Supervía A, Graziano S. Identification and quantification of psychoactive drugs in whole blood using dried blood spot (DBS) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 128, 53–60 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62. Mercolini L, Mandrioli R, Sorella V et al. Dried blood spots: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolites. J. Chromatogr. A 1271(1), 33–40 (2013). • The work published by Mercolini et al. is the only work addressing exclusively cannabinoids in DMS.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63. Lin L, Amaratunga P, Reed J, Huang P, Lemberg BL, Lemberg D. Quantitation of Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, cannabidiol and 10 other cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by HPLC–MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. bkaa184 (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33270860/
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 64. Pichini S, Mannocchi G, Gottardi M et al. Fast and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cannabinoids and their acid precursors in pharmaceutical preparations of medical cannabis and their metabolites in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices of treated individual. Talanta. 209, 120537 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 65. Stout PR, Horn CK, Lesser DR. Loss of THCCOOH from urine specimens stored in polypropylene and polyethylene containers at different temperatures. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24(7), 567–571 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 66. Desrosiers NA, Lee D, Scheidweiler KB, Concheiro-Guisan M, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. In vitro stability of free and glucuronidated cannabinoids in urine following controlled smoked cannabis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 406(3), 785–792 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67. Sosnoff CS, Ann Q, Bernert JT Jr et al. Analysis of benzoylecgonine in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 20(3), 179–184 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68. Henderson LO, Powell MK, Hannon WH et al. An evaluation of the use of dried blood spots from newborn screening for monitoring the prevalence of cocaine use among childbearing women. Biochem. Mol. Med. 61(2), 143–151 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 69. Clavijo CF, Hoffman KL, Thomas JJ et al. A sensitive assay for the quantification of morphine and its active metabolites in human plasma and dried blood spots using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(3), 715–728 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 70. Ingels ASME, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in dried blood spots using a simple GC-MS method with direct “on spot” derivatization. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398(5), 2173–2182 (2010). • Ingels et al. developed a remarkable approach to work with DMS, the ‘on spot’ derivatization.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 71. Ingels ASME, Hertegonne KB, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Feasibility of following up gamma-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations in sodium oxybate (Xyrem^®)-treated narcoleptic patients using dried blood spot sampling at home: an exploratory study. CNS Drugs. 27(3), 233–237 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 72. Saracino MA, Catapano MC, Iezzi R, Somaini L, Gerra G, Mercolini L. Analysis of γ-hydroxy butyrate by combining capillary electrophoresis-indirect detection and wall dynamic coating: application to dried matrices. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407(29), 8893–8901 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73. UNODC. Current NPS Threats - Vol III. (October), 6 (2020). https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/scientists/current-nps-threats.html
  Google Scholar
• 74. Oliveira RV, Henion J, Wickremsinhe E. Fully-automated approach for online dried blood spot extraction and bioanalysis by two-dimensional-liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 86(2), 1246–1253 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75. Abu-Rabie P, Spooner N, Chowdhry BZ, Pullen FS. DBS direct elution: optimizing performance in high-throughput quantitative LC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis. 7(16), 2003–2018 (2015).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 76. De Kesel PM, Sadones N, Capiau S, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutions. Bioanalysis. 5(16), 2023–2041 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 77. Abu-Rabie P, Denniff P, Spooner N, Brynjolffssen J, Galluzzo P, Sanders G. Method of applying internal standard to dried matrix spot samples for use in quantitative bioanalysis. Anal. Chem. 83(22), 8779–8786 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 78. van Baar BL, Verhaeghe T, Heudi O et al. IS addition in bioanalysis of DBS: results from the EBF DBS-microsampling consortium. Bioanalysis 5(17), 2137–2145 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 79. Protti M, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L. Analytica chimica acta tutorial: volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). Anal. Chim. Acta. 1046, 32–47 (2019). • The review of Protti et al. shows the promising future of dried matrices.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80. Mercolini L, Protti M, Catapano MC, Rudge J, Sberna AE. LC–MS/MS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantitative bioanalysis of cathinone analogues in dried urine, plasma and oral fluid samples. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 123, 186–194 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 81. Protti M, Rudge J, Sberna AE, Gerra G, Mercolini L. Dried haematic microsamples and LC–MS/MS for the analysis of natural and synthetic cannabinoids. J. Chromatogr. B 1044–1045, 77–86 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 82. Protti M, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L. Microsampling and LC-MS/MS for antidoping testing of glucocorticoids in urine. Bioanalysis 12(11), 769–782 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 83. Tagwerker C, Baig I, Brunson EJ, Dutra-Smith D, Carias MJ, de Zoysa RS, Smith DJ. Multiplex analysis of 230 medications and 30 illicit compounds in dried blood spots and urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 45(6), 581–592 (2020).
  Google Scholar
• 84. Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Protti M. Blood and plasma volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) coupled to LC-MS/MS for the forensic assessment of cocaine consumption. Molecules 25(5), 1046 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 85. Chang WC-W, Cowan DA, Walker CJ, Wojek N, Brailsford AD. Determination of anabolic steroids in dried blood using microsampling and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a testosterone gel administration study. J. Chromatogr. A 1628, 461445 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 86. Ye Z, Gao H. Evaluation of sample extraction methods for minimizing hematocrit effect on whole blood analysis with volumetric absorptive microsampling. Bioanalysis 9(4), 349–357 (2017).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 87. Linhares ALFDA, Yonamine M. Analysis of biofluids by paper spray-MS in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 12(15), 1087–1102 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 88. Zubaidi FA, Choo Y-M, Tan G-H, Hamid HA, Choy YK. A novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique using multi-period-multi-experiment of MRM-EPI-MRM3 with library matching for simultaneous determination of amphetamine type stimulants related drugs in whole blood, urine and dried blood S. J. Anal. Toxicol. 43(7), 528–535 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89. Lødøen CP, Eibak LEE, Rasmussen EK, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Andersen T, Gjelstad A. Storage of oral fluid as dried spots on alginate and chitosan foam – a new concept for oral fluid collection. Future Sci. OA 5(1), 317–325 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 90. Forni S, Pearl PL, Gibson KM, Yu Y, Sweetman L. Quantitation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in dried blood spots: feasibility assessment for newborn screening of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency. Mol. Genet. Metab. 109(3), 255–259 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar