A series of ceramide analogs modified at the 1-position with potent activity against the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis
Abstract
Background:Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen that requires different nutrients, including sphingolipids, for survival. Components for the transport and biosynthesis of sphingolipids thus may have a potential as antichlamydial targets. Results: In this study, we synthesized a collection of 24 ceramide derivatives. Three derivatives show pronounced activity with submicromolar IC50. The potency of these compounds was one order of magnitude higher than that of the antibiotic chloramphenicol. We show a detailed structure–activity relationship study for this novel compound class exhibiting a significant effect on the growth of C. trachomatis L2 without penetrating the bacteria itself. Conclusion: The structure–activity relationship presented here defines an important step toward the molecular target of this compound class, which is still elusive.
References
- 1 WHO. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2008).
- 2 . The Chlamydia trachomatis parasitophorous vacuolar membrane is not passively permeable to low-molecular-weight compounds. Infect. Immun. 65(3), 1088–1094 (1997).
- 3 Host cell-derived sphingolipids are required for the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Cell. Microbiol. 2(6), 627–637 (2000).
- 4 Chlamydia causes fragmentation of the Golgi compartment to ensure reproduction. Nature 457(7230), 731–735 (2009).
- 5 . The intracellular bacteria Chlamydia hijack peroxisomes and utilize their enzymatic capacity to produce bacteria-specific phospholipids. PLoS ONE 9(1), e86196 (2014).
- 6 . Rerouting of host lipids by bacteria: are you CERTain you need a vesicle? PLoS Pathog. 7(9), e1002208 (2011).
- 7 . Lipid metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells: directed trafficking of Golgi-derived sphingolipids to the chlamydial inclusion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92(11), 4877–4881 (1995).
- 8 . Chlamydia trachomatis interrupts an exocytic pathway to acquire endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin in transit from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. EMBO J. 15(5), 964–977 (1996).
- 9 . Inclusion biogenesis and reactivation of persistent Chlamydia trachomatis requires host cell sphingolipid biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog. 5(11), e1000664 (2009).
- 10 Chlamydia trachomatis co-opts GBF1 and CERT to acquire host sphingomyelin for distinct roles during intracellular development. PLoS Pathog. 7(9), e1002198 (2011).
- 11 . The lipid transfer protein CERT interacts with the Chlamydia inclusion protein IncD and participates to ER-Chlamydia inclusion membrane contact sites. PLoS Pathog. 7(6), e1002092 (2011).
- 12 Improved plaque assay identifies a novel anti-Chlamydia ceramide derivative with altered intracellular localization. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58(9), 5537–5546 (2014).
- 13 . A vital stain for the Golgi apparatus. Science 228(4700), 745–747 (1985).
- 14 . Golgi staining by two fluorescent ceramide analogues in cultured fibroblasts requires metabolism. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 68(2), 113–121 (1995).
- 15 Trafficking of acetyl-C16-ceramide-NBD with long-term stability and no cytotoxicity into the Golgi complex. Traffic 16(5), 476–492 (2015).
- 16 . Versatile synthetic method for sphingolipids and functionalized sphingosine derivatives via olefin cross metathesis. Org. Lett. 8(24), 5569–5572 (2006).
- 17 . Syntheses of fluorescence-labeled sphingosine 1-phosphate methylene and sulfur analogues as possible visible ligands to the receptor. Chem. Lett. 37(2), 188–189 (2008).
- 18 . Development of a novel FRET probe for the real-time determination of ceramidase activity. ChemBioChem 14(9), 1049–1052 (2013).
- 19 . Novel fluorescent ceramide derivatives for probing ceramidase substrate specificity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 20(20), 6154–6161 (2012).
- 20 . Spectroscopic and ionization properties of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-labeled lipids in model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 938(1), 24–34 (1988).
- 21 . Facile synthesis of the CERT inhibitor HPA-12 and some novel derivatives. Chem. Asian J. 9(8), 2092–2094 (2014).
- 22 . A functional slow recycling pathway of transferrin is required for growth of Chlamydia. Front. Microbiol. 1, 112 (2010).
- 23 Resistance to a novel antichlamydial compound is mediated through mutations in Chlamydia trachomatis secY. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(8), 4296–4302 (2012).
- 24 . The role of the ceramide acyl chain length in neurodegeneration: involvement of ceramide synthases. Neuromolecular Med. 12(4), 341–350 (2010).
- 25 Stereoselective synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel ceramide trafficking inhibitors. (1R,3R)-N-(3-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl)dodecanamide and its analogues. J. Med. Chem. 46(17), 3688–3695 (2003).
- 26 Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 676–685 (2005).
- 27 Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in adolescent women. J. Infect. Dis. 201, 42–51 (2010).