ReviewOpen Access

Rosmarinus officinalis L.: an update review of its phytochemistry and biological activity

CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749–024 Lisboa, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Célia Faustino

iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649–003 Lisboa, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Catarina Garcia

CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749–024 Lisboa, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Diogo Ladeiras

CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749–024 Lisboa, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Catarina P Reis

iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649–003 Lisboa, Portugal

Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering Institute (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749–016 Lisbon, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Patrícia Rijo

*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +351 217 515 500;

E-mail Address: patricia.rijo@ulusofona.pt

CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749–024 Lisboa, Portugal

iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649–003 Lisboa, Portugal

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:1 Feb 2018https://doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0124

Abstract

The worldwide interest in the use of medicinal plants has been growing, and its beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of new drugs. Based on their vast ethnopharmacological applications, which inspired current research in drug discovery, natural products can provide new and important leads against various pharmacological targets. This work pioneers an extensive and an updated literature review on the current state of research on Rosmarinus officinalis L., elucidating which compounds and biological activities are the most relevant. Therefore, a search was made in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science with the terms ‘rosemary’, ‘Rosmarinus officinalis’, ‘rosmarinic acid’ ‘carnosol’ and ‘carnosic acid’, which included 286 articles published since 1990 about rosemary's pharmacological activities and their isolated compounds. According to these references, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic properties of this plant, regarding carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid and the essential oil. The present manuscript provides an updated review upon the most reported activities on R. officinalis and its active constituents.

Lay abstract

The worldwide interest in the use of medicinal plants has been growing, and their beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of new drugs. Actually, current research in drug discovery has been inspired on the vast ethnopharmacological applications of natural products, providing new and important leads against various pharmacological targets.

In this work, an updated literature review is presented to clarify the current state of research on Rosmarinus officinalis L., elucidating its constituents and their most relevant biological activities. Therefore, this work provides an updated review upon the most reported medicinal properties, namely, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neurodegenerative, endocrinal, anti-infective and antioxidant.

Keywords:

References

1 Batanouny KH, Aboutabl E, Shabana MC, Soliman F. Wild Medicinal Plants in Egypt: An Inventory to Support Conservation and Sustainable Use. Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Cairo, Egypt (1999).Google Scholar
2 Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1830(6), 3670–3695 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
3 Mukherjee PK, N SK, Heinrich M. Plant Made Pharmaceuticals (PMPs) – development of natural health products from bio-diversity. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 42(2), 113–121 (2008).Google Scholar
4 Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis. 16(1), 190 (2017).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
5 Habtemariam S. The therapeutic potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes for Alzheimer's disease. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016, 2680409 (2016).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
6 Mendonça-Filho RR. Bioactive phytocompounds: new approaches in the phytosciences. In: Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs. Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim, Germany, 1–24 (2006).Crossref, Google Scholar
7 Swain T. Plants in the Development of Modern Medicine. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1972).Crossref, Google Scholar
8 Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Drugs from nature: past achievements, future prospects. In: Ethnomedicine and Drug Discovery. Iwu M, Wootton J (Eds). Elsevier, New York, USA, 23–37 (2002).Crossref, Google Scholar
9 Heinrich M, Barnes J, Gibbons S, Williamson E. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy (2nd Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
10 Rotblatt M. Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Ann. Intern. Med. 133(6), 487 (2000).Crossref, Google Scholar
11 Food Standards Agency. Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers. Food Standards Agency (2016). www.food.gov.uk/science/additives/enumberlist.Google Scholar
12 Mohamed I, Shuid A, Borhanuddin B, Fozi N. The application of phytomedicine in modern drug development. Internet J. Herb. Plant Med. 1(2), 14278 (2012).Google Scholar
13 Cordell GA, Colvard MD. Some thoughts on the future of ethnopharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 100(1–2), 5–14 (2005).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
14 Calixto JB. Twenty-five years of research on medicinal plants in Latin America: a personal view. J. Ethnopharmacol. 100(1–2), 131–134 (2005).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
15 Rates SMK. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon 39(5), 603–613 (2001).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
16 Salim AA, Chin Y-W, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from plants. In: Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants. Ramawat KG, Merillon JM (Eds). Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 1–24 (2008).Crossref, Google Scholar
17 Bandaranayake WM. Quality control, screening, toxicity, and regulation of herbal drugs. In: Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs. Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim, Germany, 25–57 (2006).Crossref, Google Scholar
18 Rout SP, Choudary KA, Kar DM, Das L, Jain A. Plants in traditional medicinal system – future source of new drugs. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1(1), 1–23 (2009).Google Scholar
19 Samuelsson G, Bohlin L. Drugs of Natural Origin: A Treatise of Pharmacognosy (6th Edition). Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm, Sweden (2001).Google Scholar
20 Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne RKH. Vitalism and synthesis of urea. Am. J. Nephrol. 19(2), 290–294 (1999).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
21 Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci. 78(5), 431–441 (2005).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
22 Keservani RK, Sharma AK, Kesharwani RK, IGI Global. Phytopharmaceuticals and its applications in therapy. In: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Technology. IGI Global, Delhi, India, 202–229 (2017).Crossref, Google Scholar
23 Iwu MM. Therapeutic agents from ethnomedicine. In: Ethnomedicine and Drug Discovery. Iwu M, Wootton J (Eds). Elsevier, New York, USA, 1–22 (2002).Crossref, Google Scholar
24 Hamburger M, Hostettmann K. Bioactivity in plants: the link between phytochemistry and medicine. Phytochemistry 30(12), 3864–3874 (1991).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
25 Oyebode O, Kandala N-B, Chilton PJ, Lilford RJ. Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries: a WHO-SAGE study. Health Policy Plan. 31(8), 984–991 (2016).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
26 Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Williams & Wilkins, MD, USA.Google Scholar
27 Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Christensen SB, Kofod H. The role of Medicinal plants in drug development. In: Natural Products and Drug Development. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark, 34–45 (1994).Google Scholar
28 Raskin I, Ribnicky DM, Komarnytsky S et al. Plants and human health in the twenty-first century. Trends Biotechnol. 20(12), 522–531 (2002).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
29 Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(Suppl. 1), 69–75 (2001).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
30 Katiyar C, Gupta A, Kanjilal S, Katiyar S. Drug discovery from plant sources: an integrated approach. Ayu 33(1), 10–19 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
31 Badal McCreath S, Delgoda R. Metabolomics approach in pharmacognosy. In: Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategies. Badal McCreath S, Delgoda R (Eds). Academic Press, London, UK, 597–630 (2017).Google Scholar
32 Ahmad I, Aqil F, Ahmad F, Owais M. Herbal medicines: prospects and constraints. In: Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs. Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim, Germany, 59–77 (2006).Crossref, Google Scholar
33 Kamboj A. Analytical evaluation of herbal drugs. In: Drug Discovery Research in Pharmacognosy. Vallisuta O (Ed.). InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 23–60 (2012).Crossref, Google Scholar
34 Goldman P. Herbal medicines today and the roots of modern pharmacology. Ann. Intern. Med. 135(8 Pt 1), 594–600 (2001).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
35 Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Motamed SM, Ghorbani A. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 63–79 (2005).Google Scholar
36 Raja RR. Medicinally potential plants of Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family: an overview. Res. J. Med. Plant. 6(3), 203–213 (2012).Crossref, Google Scholar
37 Wagstaff SJ, Hickerson L, Spangler R, Reeves PA, Olmstead RG. Phylogeny in Labiatae sl, inferred from cpDNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 209(3–4), 265–274 (1998).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
38 Begum A, Sandhya S, Shaffath Ali S, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D. An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 12(1), 61–73 (2013).Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
39 Al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 37(2), 124–130 (1999).Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
40 WHO. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2200e/.Google Scholar
41 Comissão Permanente da Farmacopeia Portuguesa. Farmacopeia Portuguesa (7th Edition). Ministério da Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal (2003).Google Scholar
42 Badal McCreath S, Delgoda R. Pharmacognosy: fundamentals, applications and strategies. Academic Press, London, UK (2016).Google Scholar
43 Handa SS. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. International Centre for Science and High Technology. www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-10/Extraction_technologies_for_medicinal_and_aromatic_plants_0.pdf.Google Scholar
44 Gupta A, Naraniwal M, Kothari V. Modern extraction methods for preparation of bioactive plant extracts. Int. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 1(1), 8–26 (2012).Google Scholar
45 Azmir J, Zaidul ISM, Rahman MM et al. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: a review. J. Food Eng. 117(4), 426–436 (2013).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
46 Lovkova MY, Buzuk GN, Sokolova SM, Kliment'eva NI. Chemical features of medicinal plants (review). Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 37(3), 229–237 (2001).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
47 Faixová Z, Faix S. Biological effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil (a review). Folia Vet. 52, 135–139 (2008).CAS, Google Scholar
48 Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Brigham A et al. An evidence-based systematic review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J. Diet. Suppl. 7(4), 351–413 (2010).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
49 Aumeeruddy-Elalfi Z, Gurib-Fakim A, Mahomoodally MF. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiotic potentiating activity of essential oils from 10 tropical medicinal plants from Mauritius. J. Herb. Med. 6(2), 88–95 (2016).Crossref, Google Scholar
50 Aumeeruddy-Elalfi Z, Gurib-Fakim A, Mahomoodally F. Antimicrobial, antibiotic potentiating activity and phytochemical profile of essential oils from exotic and endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius. Ind. Crops Prod. 71, 197–204 (2015).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
51 Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Jovin E. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(19), 7879–7885 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
52 Evans WC. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy (16th Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK (2009).Google Scholar
53 Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals (3rd Edition). Medpharm, Stuttgart, Germany (2004).Google Scholar
54 Doughari JH. Phytochemicals: extraction methods, basic structures and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents. In: Phytochemicals – A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. Rao V (Ed.). InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 1–32 (2012).Google Scholar
55 Posadas SJ, Caz V, Largo C et al. Protective effect of supercritical fluid rosemary extract, Rosmarinus officinalis, on antioxidants of major organs of aged rats. Exp. Gerontol. 44(6–7), 383–389 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
56 Zhang Y, Adelakun TA, Qu L et al. New terpenoid glycosides obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis L. aerial parts. Fitoterapia. 99, 78–85 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
57 Calvo MI, Akerreta S, Cavero RY. Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the Riverside of Navarra (Iberian Peninsula). J. Ethnopharmacol. 135(1), 22–33 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
58 Bakirel T, Bakirel U, Keleş OU, Ulgen SG, Yardibi H. In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116(1), 64–73 (2008).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
59 Yu M-H, Choi J-H, Chae I-G et al. Suppression of LPS-induced inflammatory activities by Rosmarinus officinalis L. Food Chem. 136(2), 1047–1054 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
60 Takaki I, Bersani-Amado LE, Vendruscolo A et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in experimental animal models. J. Med. Food. 11(4), 741–746 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
61 Cheung S, Tai J. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis. Oncol. Rep. 17(6), 1525–1531 (2007).Medline, Google Scholar
62 Tai J, Cheung S, Wu M, Hasman D. Antiproliferation effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on human ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Phytomedicine 19(5), 436–443 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
63 Yesil-Celiktas O, Sevimli C, Bedir E, Vardar-Sukan F. Inhibitory effects of rosemary extracts, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid on the growth of various human cancer cell lines. Plant foods Hum. Nutr. 65(2), 158–163 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
64 Pérez-Fons L, Garzón MT, Micol V. Relationship between the antioxidant capacity and effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) polyphenols on membrane phospholipid order. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(1), 161–171 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
65 Romo Vaquero M, Yáñez-Gascón M-J, García Villalba R et al. Inhibition of gastric lipase as a mechanism for body weight and plasma lipids reduction in Zucker rats fed a rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid. PLoS ONE 7(6), e39773 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
66 Visanji JM, Thompson DG, Padfield PJ. Induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by carnosol and carnosic acid is associated with alteration of cyclin A and cyclin B1 levels. Cancer Lett. 237(1), 130–136 (2006).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
67 Sancheti G, Goyal P. Modulatory influence of Rosemarinus officinalis on DMBA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 7(2), 331–335 (2006).Medline, Google Scholar
68 Prasad S, Yadav VR, Kannappan R, Aggarwal BB. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclin triterpene, potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through p53-independent up-regulation of death receptors: evidence for the role of reactive oxygen species and JNK. J. Biol. Chem. 286(7), 5546–5557 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
69 González-Vallinas M, Molina S, Vicente G et al. Expression of microRNA-15b and the glycosyltransferase GCNT3 correlates with antitumor efficacy of Rosemary diterpenes in colon and pancreatic cancer. PLoS ONE 9(6), e98556 (2014).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
70 Xiang Q, Ma Y, Dong J, Shen R. Carnosic acid inducesapoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt inactivation in HepG2 cells. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 7486, 1–9 (2014).Google Scholar
71 Kar S, Palit S, Ball WB, Das PK. Carnosic acid modulates Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling by PP2A and induces intrinsic and extrinsic pathway mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. Apoptosis 17(7), 735–747 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
72 Huang MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY et al. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res. 54(3), 701–708 (1994).Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
73 Dörrie J, Sapala K, Zunino SJ. Carnosol-induced apoptosis and downregulation of Bcl-2 in B-lineage leukemia cells. Cancer Lett. 170(1), 33–39 (2001).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
74 Tsai C, Lin C, Wang Y. Carnosic acid induces the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression in rat clone 9 cells through the p38/nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 pathway. J. Nutr. 141(12), 2119–2125 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
75 Barni MV, Carlini MJ, Cafferata EG, Puricelli L, Moreno S. Carnosic acid inhibits the proliferation and migration capacity of human colorectal cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 27(4), 1041–1048 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
76 Bai N, He K, Roller M et al. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(9), 5363–5367 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
77 González-Vallinas M, Molina S, Vicente G et al. Antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil is enhanced by rosemary extract in both drug sensitive and resistant colon cancer cells. Pharmacol. Res. 72, 61–68 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
78 Theoduloz C, Pertino MW, Rodríguez Ja, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Gastroprotective effect and cytotoxicity of carnosic acid derivatives. Planta Med. 77(9), 882–887 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
79 Singletary K, MacDonald C, Wallig M. Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett. 104(1), 43–48 (1996).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
80 Lee K-G, Shibamoto T. Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(17), 4947–4952 (2002).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
81 Botsoglou N, Taitzoglou I, Zervos I, Botsoglou E, Tsantarliotou M, Chatzopoulou PS. Potential of long-term dietary administration of rosemary in improving the antioxidant status of rat tissues following carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48(3), 944–950 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
82 Benincá JP, Dalmarco JB, Pizzolatti MG, Fröde TS. Analysis of the anti-inflammatory properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in mice. Food Chem. 124(2), 468–475 (2011).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar
83 Leal PF, Braga MEM, Sato DN, Carvalho JE, Marques MOM, Meireles MAA. Functional properties of spice extracts obtained via supercritical fluid extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(9), 2520–2525 (2003).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
84 Aherne SA, Kerry JP, O'Brien NM. Effects of plant extracts on antioxidant status and oxidant-induced stress in Caco-2 cells. Br. J. Nutr. 97(2), 321–328 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
85 Gutiérrez ME, García AF, Africa de Madariaga M, Sagrista ML, Casadó FJ, Mora M. Interaction of tocopherols and phenolic compounds with membrane lipid components: evaluation of their antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system. Life Sci. 72(21), 2337–2360 (2003).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
86 Lo A, Liang Y, Lin-Shiau S-Y, Ho C, Lin J. Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis 23(6), 983–991 (2002).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
87 Klancnik A, Guzej B, Kolar MH, Abramovic H, Mozina SS. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of commercial rosemary extract formulations. J. Food Prot. 72(8), 1744–1752 (2009).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
88 Beretta G, Artali R, Facino RM, Gelmini F. An analytical and theoretical approach for the profiling of the antioxidant activity of essential oils: the case of Rosmarinus officinalis L. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 55(5), 1255–1264 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
89 Zeng HH, Tu PF, Zhou K, Wang H, Wang BH, Lu JF. Antioxidant properties of phenolic diterpenes from Rosmarinus officinalis. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22(12), 1094–1098 (2001).Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
90 del Baño MJ, Lorente J, Castillo J et al. Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(15), 4247–4253 (2003).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
91 Rašković A, Milanović I, Pavlović N, Ćebović T, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14, 225 (2014).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
92 Kačániová M, Vukovič N, Horská E et al. Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B 49(7), 505–512 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
93 Wang W, Li N, Luo M, Zu Y, Efferth T. Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main components. Molecules 17(3), 2704–2713 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
94 Qabaha K. Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of five palestinian medicinal plants. African J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 10(4), 101–108 (2013).Medline, Google Scholar
95 Petrolini FVB, Lucarini R, de Souza MGM, Pires RH, Cunha WR, Martins CHG. Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of Petroselinum crispum and Rosmarinus officinalis against bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 44(3), 829–834 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
96 Luqman S, Dwivedi GR, Darokar MP, Kalra A, Khanuja SPS. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 13(5), 54–59 (2007).Medline, Google Scholar
97 Jiang Y, Wu N, Fu Y-J et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of rosemary. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32(1), 63–68 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
98 Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR. Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016 (ID 3012462), 1–21 (2016).Crossref, Google Scholar
99 Shin H-B, Choi M-S, Ryu B et al. Antiviral activity of carnosic acid against respiratory syncytial virus. Virol. J. 10(1), 303 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
100 da Rosa JS, Facchin BM, Bastos J et al. Systemic administration of Rosmarinus officinalis attenuates the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy. Planta Med. 79(17), 1605–1614 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
101 Backhouse N, Rosales L, Apablaza C et al. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Buddleja globosa, Buddlejaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116(2), 263–269 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
102 Peng C-H, Su J-D, Chyau C-C et al. Supercritical fluid extracts of rosemary leaves exhibit potent anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71(9), 2223–2232 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
103 Zanella CA, Treichel H, Cansian RL, Roman SS. The effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae) in animal models of memory. Brazilian J. Pharm. Sci. 48(3), 389–397 (2012).Crossref, Google Scholar
104 Martínez AL, González-Trujano ME, Chávez M, Pellicer F. Antinociceptive effectiveness of triterpenes from rosemary in visceral nociception. J. Ethnopharmacol. 142(1), 28–34 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
105 Rosenbaum CC, O'Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 16(2), 32–40 (2010).Medline, Google Scholar
106 Kuo C-F, Su J-D, Chiu C-H et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extract and its isolated carnosic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(8), 3674–3685 (2011).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
107 Chae IG, Yu MH, Im N-K et al. Effect of Rosemarinus officinalis L. on MMP-9, MCP-1 levels, and cell migration in RAW 264.7 and smooth muscle cells. J. Med. Food. 15(10), 879–886 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
108 Yu Y-M, Lin H-C, Chang W-C. Carnosic acid prevents the migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Br. J. Nutr. 100(4), 731–738 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
109 Lucarini R, Bernardes WA, Ferreira DS et al. In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extracts, rosmarinic acid and its acetyl ester derivative. Pharm. Biol. 51(9), 1087–1090 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
110 Lukaczer D, Darland G, Tripp M et al. A Pilot trial evaluating meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso-alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phyther. Res. 19(10), 864–869 (2005).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
111 Minich DM, Bland JS, Katke J et al. Clinical safety and efficacy of NG440: a novel combination of rho iso-alpha acids from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid for inflammatory conditions. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85(9), 872–883 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
112 Rahimifard M, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Mahroui N et al. Improvement in the function of isolated rat pancreatic islets through reduction of oxidative stress using traditional Iranian medicine. Cell J. 16(2), 147–163 (2014).Medline, Google Scholar
113 Tu Z, Moss-Pierce T, Ford P, Jiang TA. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract regulates glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK and PPAR pathways in HepG2 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61(11), 2803–2810 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
114 Ozarowski M, Mikolajczak PL, Bogacz A et al. Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf extract improves memory impairment and affects acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in rat brain. Fitoterapia. 91, 261–271 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
115 Sasaki K, El Omri A, Kondo S, Han J, Isoda H. Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols produce anti-depressant like effect through monoaminergic and cholinergic functions modulation. Behav. Brain Res. 238, 86–94 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
116 Machado DG, Cunha MP, Neis VB et al. Antidepressant-like effects of fractions, essential oil, carnosol and betulinic acid isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis L. Food Chem. 136(2), 999–1005 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar
117 El Omri A, Han J, Ben Abdrabbah M, Isoda H. Down regulation effect of Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols on cellular stress proteins in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Cytotechnology 64(3), 231–240 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
118 Pengelly A, Snow J, Mills SY, Scholey A, Wesnes K, Butler LR. Short-term study on the effects of rosemary on cognitive function in an elderly population. J. Med. Food. 15(1), 10–17 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
119 Bone K, Mills S. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK (2013).Google Scholar

- Cited By
  - Myrtle, Basil, Rosemary, and Three-Lobed Sage as Ritual Plants in the Monotheistic Religions: an Historical–Ethnobotanical Comparison
    2 December 2019 | Economic Botany, Vol. 7
  - Carnosol induces apoptotic cell death through ROS-dependent inactivation of STAT3 in human melanoma G361 cells
    18 October 2019 | Applied Biological Chemistry, Vol. 62, No. 1
  - Stress-Induced Epigenetic Changes in Hippocampal Mkp-1 Promote Persistent Depressive Behaviors
    2 July 2019 | Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 56, No. 12
  - Column chromatography for preparing rosmarinic acid rich extract from Orthosiphon aristatus
    2 July 2019 | Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, Vol. 42, No. 17-18
  - Hypolipidemic effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L
    29 January 2019 | Journal of Cellular Physiology, Vol. 234, No. 9
  - An insight into the extraction and fractionation technologies of the essential oils and bioactive compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Past, present and future
    TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 118
  - Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review
    2 August 2019 | Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 15
  - Plant Products for Health
    24 May 2019
  - Fluidized bed coating of inert cores with a lipid-based system loaded with a polyphenol-rich Rosmarinus officinalis extract
    Food and Bioproducts Processing, Vol. 114
  - Welcome to volume 5 of Future Science OA
    Francesca Lake
    23 November 2018 | Future Science OA, Vol. 5, No. 1
  - Effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation on a rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) extract rich in rosmarinic acid
    Food Chemistry, Vol. 271
  - Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: A review of its phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory activity, and mechanisms of action involved
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 229
  - Phytochemistry of Three Ecuadorian Lamiaceae: Lepechinia heteromorpha (Briq.) Epling, Lepechinia radula (Benth.) Epling and Lepechinia paniculata (Kunth) Epling
    20 December 2018 | Plants, Vol. 8, No. 1
  - Carnosic acid potentiates the anticancer effect of temozolomide by inducing apoptosis and autophagy in glioma
    20 November 2018 | Journal of Neuro-Oncology, Vol. 141, No. 2
  - The cytoprotective benefits of a turmeric, quercetin, and rosemary blend through activation of the oxidative stress pathway
    Pharmacognosy Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 66
Vol. 4, No. 4

Metrics
Downloaded 2,878 times

History

Received 16 October 2017

Accepted 21 December 2017

Published online 1 February 2018

Published in print April 2018

Information
© 2018 Patricia Rijo
Keywords
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Open access
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Author's contributions
Literature research and writing have been done by D Ladeiras, C Garcia, CP Reis and JM Andrade. Actualization has been done by JM Andrade. English vocabulary as well as phrase structure revision of the whole document have been done by C Faustino. P Rijo was the supervisor of all work.
Supplementary data
To view the supplementary data that accompany this paper please visit the journal website at: www.future-science.com/doi/suppl/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0124
Loading ...